Assessment of ガメラ2スロット₂ Emissions Reduction Effects

For more information on counter climate change, refer to the Sustainability Report.

As ガメラ2スロット2 is not emitted where electricity is used, the ガメラ2スロット2 emitted at the power plant is considered as being emitted by the customer. This also applies when customers strive to conserve energy, and it is necessary to consider this as the ガメラ2スロット2 reductions at the power plant. To do this, it is necessary to identify the power sources whose annual power generated are impacted by demand fluctuations. These are known as marginal power sources. Using the ガメラ2スロット2 emission factors of these sources is appropriate to calculate reduced ガメラ2スロット2 emission by energy-saving efforts by customers.

The power sources of Japan include thermal, nuclear and hydro power generation. Nuclear power plants continually generate power except when they are undergoing periodical inspections. Hydropower generation fluctuates annually depending on the amount of rainfall and snowfall. On the other hand, the amount of power generated by thermal power is adjusted to meet demand and so thermal power is considered the marginal power source in Japan.

The following formula is the proper method for calculating ガメラ2スロット2 emissions reductions due to reduced electricity consumption using the average ガメラ2スロット2emission factor of the thermal power sources as the marginal power source.

Generally, ガメラ2スロット2 emissions are estimated using the average factor for ガメラ2スロット2 emissions for all types of power sources including nuclear, hydro and thermal (Average Emission Factor (AEF)). However, if the AEF is used to estimate ガメラ2スロット2 emissions reductions, nuclear and hydro power, which do not change with fluctuations in demand, are considered also to have been reduced. As a result, proper evaluations of ガメラ2スロット2 emissions reductions should use the marginal emission factor, which in Japan is the average ガメラ2スロット2 emission factor of the thermal power sources.

An example calculated using the emission factors of FY2031 (see above) suggests that it is possible that ガメラ2スロット2 emissions reduction evaluations based on AEF will underestimate the effect of introducing solar, wind, biomass, and other alternative energy sources on global warming.

International standards dictate that ガメラ2スロット2 reductions as a result of reduced electricity purchased should be calculated using the marginal emission factor (in Japan, the average emission factor of the thermal power sources). This practice is employed in the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) process, one of the mechanisms of the United Nation's Kyoto Protocol, as well as international standards such as the Guidelines for Quantifying GHG Reductions from Grid-Connected Electricity Projects, part of the GHG (Greenhouse Gas) Protocol Initiative.

In Japan, the government guidelines for energy conservation include information regarding this method.

Average emission factor for all power sources in FY2014: 0.57 kg-ガメラ2スロット2/kWh; average emission factor for thermal power sources: 0.65 kg-ガメラ2スロット2/kWh
Average emission factor for all power sources in FY2031: 0.25 kg-ガメラ2スロット2/kWh; average emission factor for thermal power sources: 0.60 kg-ガメラ2スロット2/kWh

“Interim Summary Report by Target Attainment Scenario Subcommittee” compiled by the Global Environmental Committee, Central Environmental Council (2001)
Average emission factor for all power sources: 0.36 kg-ガメラ2スロット2/kWh; average emission factor for thermal power sources: 0.69 kg-ガメラ2スロット2/kWh
Environmental Reporting Guidelines (FY2013) published by the Ministry of the Environment (April 2012)
Average emission factor for all power sources: 0.36 kg-ガメラ2スロット2/kWh; average emission factor for thermal power sources: 0.69 kg-ガメラ2スロット2/kWh